RESUMO O desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibras naturais tem recebido grande destaque como tecnologia alternativa para o processamento de novos materiais que proporcionem um menor impacto ambiental, associado a uma baixa densidade, biodegradabilidade e propriedades mecânicas interessantes.Fibras naturais provenientes do coco verde apresentam, devido à sua composição química, maior rigidez e resistência mecânica comparada a outras fibras vegetais. Porém, fibras vegetais possuem uma baixa interação com a matriz polimérica, em virtude de seu caráter hidrofílico quando comparado à matriz polimérica, hidrofóbica. Neste trabalho, fibras de coco (FC) foram tratadas quimicamente por extração alcalina com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) e mecanicamente utilizando uma ponteira ultrassônica em meio aquoso, e a técnica para averiguar os efeitos dos tratamentos nas fibras foi a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Compósitos de polietileno de baixa densidade (LDPE) com diferentes teores de fibra de coco (5 e 10% m/m) foram preparados por mistura no estado fundido, utilizando um homogeneizador de alta rotação (DRAIS), seguido por prensagem a quente e estampagem para preparação de corpos de prova. Os compósitos de LDPE/FC foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades térmicas (calorimetria exploratória diferencial – DSC), mecânicas (ensaio de tração uniaxial e ensaio de dureza), características morfológicas (MEV) e de superfície (teste de ângulo de contato). O teor de fibra em massa exerceu influência nas propriedades mecânicas, de forma que um aumento do teor de fibra de coco em massa reduz ligeiramente a resistência à tração e provoca um aumento em torno de 100% no valor do módulo elástico do compósito. Por meio dos resultados obtidos por MEV e ângulo de contato, ambos os tratamentos se mostraram eficientes, porém sugerindo melhor eficiência no tratamento via extração alcalina.

ABSTRACT The development of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers have gained attention as alternative technology for the processing of new material that provide a lower environmental impact, associated with lower density, biodegradability and interesting mechanical properties. Natural fibers that come from the green coconut have higher stiffness and mechanical resistance when compared with other natural fibers, considering its chemical composition. Although, natural fibers show a weak interaction with the polymer matrix, due to its hydrophilicity when compared to the matrix, hydrophobic. In this work, coconut fibers (CF) were chemically treated by alkalization with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and mechanically treated by ultrasound in aqueous media. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/CF composites were prepared with different contents ofcoconut fiber (5 and 10 wt%), in the molten state using a homogenizer with high rotation (DRAIS) and stamping for the preparation of the specimens. The treated fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the LDPE/FC composites were characterized according to the thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry - DSC), mechanical properties (tensile tests) and morphology (SEM). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that no significant change was observed with the different treatments for composites with 5 wt% of CF compared to the neat LDPE. The best results of mechanical resistance noticedon composites with 5 wt% of CF when compared with composites with 10 wt% of CF. The ultrasound treatment demonstrated the best performance. The crystallization degree of the neat LDPE was not affected by the presence of the coconut fibers, although there was a good interaction and adhesion between the CF and thepolymer matrix.

Abstract Electrospinning is a simple and low-cost way to fabricate fibers. Among the various polymers used in electrospinning, polycaprolactone (PCL) stands out due to its excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, PCL has some limitations such as low bioactivity, hydrophobic surface, and long in vivo degradation. Calcium phosphate ceramics have been recognized as an attractive biomaterial. They are bioactive and osteoinductive, and some are even quite biodegradable. Different contents of particles of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were incorporated in polymer matrix to form fibers of PCL/β-TCP composites by electrospinning for possible application in tissue regeneration. The presence of β-TCP particles promoted some changes in the thermal properties of the fibers. The immersion of PCL/β-TCP 8 wt-% fibers in simulated body fluid (SBF) caused the formation of a denser and homogeneous apatite layer on its surface.

Abstract Fuel Cells based in polymers are an alternative for the conventional energetic matrices. However, materials currently available still present disadvantages to overcome. Membranes of polycarbonate (PC)/sulfonated polycarbonate (PCs) blend/sepiolite nanocomposites have previously been studied by the authors, resulting in good mechanical properties and promising properties of vapor transmission and ionic migration resistance. However, their production in large scale is still a challenge. The aim of this work was the development further the formulation and processing of the previously studied material. Films of PC/PCs blends (50/50 wt%) with different content of sepiolite clay, with and without chemical modification, have been prepared in an extruder and evaluated by FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA, DMA, tension strength and water vapor transmission (WVT). Even after two processing steps, the blend-based nanocomposites keep good thermal and mechanical properties. However, changes in WVT were observed with respect to data obtained in previous studies.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento de placas do nanocompósito de UHMWPE/LLDPE/CNT tem como objetivo a obtenção de um material para aplicação em blindagem balística híbrida de alto impacto em forma de multicamadas de cerâmica/polímero. O compósito polimérico é utilizado na base da blindagem com a função de absorver a energia cinética residual do projétil e dos estilhaços da cerâmica após o impacto. Para atender a estes requisitos o compósito polimérico precisa ter alta tenacidade à fratura, alta resistência mecânica e deformação controlada. Uma deformação exagerada da placa polimérica pode causar lesões aos usuários de coletes balísticos de proteção pessoal, por exemplo. Neste trabalho foi realizada a mistura de polietileno linear de baixa densidade (LLDPE) com polietileno de ultra alta massa molecular (UHMWPE) utilizando um homogeneizador de alta rotação com posterior prensagem a quente com a finalidade de melhorar a mistura dos componentes fundidos e facilitar o processo de fabricação das placas poliméricas. Para compensar as perdas de propriedades mecânicas das blendas em relação ao UHMWPE puro foram produzidos compósitos com adição de 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 % em massa de nanotubos de carbono funcionalizados com ácido nítrico. Os valores das propriedades mecânicas e térmicas dos compósitos foram comparados com as blendas poliméricas sem adição de nanotubos de carbono. As blendas poliméricas e nanocompósitos foram submetidos aos ensaios mecânicos de dureza Shore D e ensaio de tração uniaxial. Para avaliação da estabilidade térmica foram realizadas análises de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e análise termogravimétrica (TGA), e para a avaliação morfológica dos nanocompósitos foi utilizado microscopia eletrônica de varredura (FEG-MEV).

ABSTRACT The purpose of developing UHMWPE/ LLDPE/ CNT nanocomposite plates is to obtain a material that can be applied in laminated ceramic/polymer structures for high-impact ballistic protection. The polymer nanocomposite is used in the backing plate of the armor structure to absorb the residual kinetic energy of the projectile and shards from the ceramic material after impact. The polymer nanocomposite must have high fracture toughness, high mechanical strength and controlled deformation, in order to comply with these requirements. For instance, extreme deformations of the backing plate may cause injury to users of ballistic protective vests. In this work, a blend of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was prepared, using a high-rotation homogenizer with subsequent hot pressing, in order to facilitate the manufacturing process of the polymer nanocomposite plates. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt%), functionalized with nitric acid, were added to the polymer blend, in order to improve the mechanical properties of the resulting material. The mechanical and thermal properties of the polymer blend and the polymer nanocomposite were compared with each other. The polymer blends and polymer nanocomposites were submitted to mechanical tests such as Shore D hardness and uniaxial tensile tests. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to evaluate thermal stability of the various compositions. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG) was performed to evaluate the morphology of the nanocomposites.

A compatibilizer agent was successfully produced by grafting maleic anhydride (MA) to poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) chains on a reactive processing by mechanical mixing, using a mixture of PHBV, MA and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as initiator. The resulting PHBV grafted MA (PHBV-g-MA) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and its properties were compared to neat PHBV. FTIR showed an absorption band at 699 cm-1 for PHBV-g-MA, related to CH group of grafted anhydride ring. The initial thermal degradation temperature of the compatibilizer agent was reduced when compared to neat PHBV. DSC analysis showed that after grafting MA onto PHBV the crystallization temperature was about 20ºC higher than neat PHBV, and the degree of crystallinity was increased. GPC analysis showed that MA when grafted onto PHBV led to a reduction of molecular weight and polydispersity.

Nanocompósitos de poliamida 6 com argila organofílica foram preparados pelo método de intercalação no estado fundido. Foram estudadas as propriedades reológicas e mecânicas de nanocompósitos com argila nacional. A argila utilizada foi tratada com o sal quaternário de amônio (Cetremide) e foi caracterizada por Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (FTIR) e difração de raios X (DRX). Os resultados evidenciaram a incorporação do sal na argila e sua organofilização. Para a obtenção dos nanocompósitos, foram preparados concentrados de PA6/argila (1:1) em (m/m) e estes foram adicionados na poliamida 6, em quantidade de 3% de argila no composto final, utilizando uma extrusora de rosca dupla corrotacional. Posteriormente, as amostras foram moldadas por injeção e caracterizadas por: reometria capilar, DRX, MET e ensaios mecânicos (tração e impacto). Os resultados de reometria capilar mostraram que a presença da argila organofílica na PA6 aumentou a viscosidade dos sistemas. Por DRX e MET, foi verificado que todos os sistemas apresentaram predominância de estrutura esfoliada. As propriedades mecânicas sob tração foram melhores do que as da poliamida 6.

Nanocomposites of polyamide 6 with organoclay were prepared by melt intercalation and their rheological and mechanical properties were studied. The clay was treated with the quaternary ammonium salt (Cetremide) and characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed the incorporation of salt in the clay and its organophilization. A master was prepared with PA6/clay (1:1) by weight and this was added to the pure polyamide 6 to reach the nominal proportion of 3% of clay, using a corrotacional twin screw extruder. The samples were molded by injection and characterized by: capillary rheometry, XRD, TEM and mechanical testing (tensile and impact). The results of capillary rheometry showed that the presence of organoclay in the PA6 increased the viscosity of the systems. With XRD and TEM, it was verified that all systems presented predominantly exfoliated structure. The tensile properties of the nanocomposites were better than those of pure polyamide 6.